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Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War, by Lukasz Kamienski
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Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War examines how intoxicants have been put to the service of states, empires and their armies throughout history. Since the beginning of organized combat, armed forces have prescribed drugs to their members for two general purposes: to enhance performance during combat and to counter the trauma of killing and witnessing violence after it is over. Stimulants (e.g. alcohol, cocaine, and amphetamines) have been used to temporarily create better soldiers by that improving stamina, overcoming sleeplessness, eliminating fatigue, and increasing fighting spirit. Downers (e.g. alcohol, opiates, morphine, heroin, marijuana, barbiturates) have also been useful in dealing with the soldier's greatest enemy - shattered nerves. Kamienski's focuses on drugs "prescribed" by military authorities, but also documents the widespread unauthorised consumption by soldiers themselves. Combatants have always treated with various drugs and alcohol, mainly for recreational use and as a reward to themselves for enduring the constant tension of preparing for. Although not officially approved, such "self-medication" is often been quietly tolerated by commanders in so far as it did not affect combat effectiveness. This volume spans the history of combat from the use of opium, coca, and mushrooms in pre-modern warfare to the efforts of modern militaries, during the Cold War in particular, to design psychochemical offensive weapons that can be used to incapacitate rather than to kill the enemy. Along the way, Kamienski provides fascinating coverage of on the European adoption of hashish during Napolean's invasion of Egypt, opium use during the American Civil War, amphetamines in the Third Reich, and the use of narcotics to control child soldiers in the rebel militias of contemporary Africa.
- Sales Rank: #86611 in Books
- Published on: 2016-03-09
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 6.60" h x 1.50" w x 9.40" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 416 pages
Review
"Who knew that an historical, scholarly psychopharmacology of soldiering could be a page-turner? It shocks, drives self-reflection, intellectual excitement, fury at hypocrisy, and that third Aristotelian katharsis: mental clarification. Above all, this is a book for citizens." - Jonathan Shay, MD, PhD, former MacArthur Fellow, Author of Achilles in Vietnam, Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character and Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming
"Flipping the war on drugs, Kamienski gives us drugs at war, from the Greeks to high-tech armies, from drugs as tools of combat to combat as a drug itself. Starting with alcohol and opium, and ending in Hurt Locker territory, Shooting Up offers a novel and ambitious survey of a most timely topic." David Courtwright, author of Forces of Habit
"Not only the definitive history of intoxication in warfare, this beautifully written book offers a deeply informed humanistic perspective on the addictiveness of war itself. Insights from Nietzsche, first-person accounts from combat, military scholarship, and biological explanations are woven together into a seamless analysis that should be required reading." - Chris Hables Gray, author of Postmodern War: The New Politics of Conflict
"In Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War, Lukasz Kamienski provides a diligent examination, keen view, and detailed discussion of the implications of the long standing, and often controversial use of drugs in military operations. Shooting Up is a most interesting read that makes an excellent contribution to the literature." - Prof. James Giordano, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center
"An impressive and accessible deep dive into the topic...it makes for a bracing and fascinating study." -- Publishers Weekly
"In his profound, troubling, and deeply informative book, Kamienski investigates the relationship between intoxicants and warfare... With official approval and encouragement, the use of certain kinds of drugs has become widespread in militaries-and so, too, have addiction, sluggish and erratic behavior, and even hallucinations and paranoia. Kamienski's rich study starts with ancient Greece but mostly examines events from the last few centuries, including the Opium Wars and the Vietnam War, which the author dubs "the first true pharmacological war." --Lawrence D. Freedman, Foreign Affairs
"Absorbing and comprehensive."-- The Intercept
"Fascinating, immensely detailed and surprisingly sober... [A] rich and compendious book." -- The Sunday Times
"An engaging read...a pharmacopoeia of interesting military history, medical research and cultural anecdote." -- VICE magazine
"Those who want to build their own thoughts about the direction of drugged wars would be best served by starting with Kamienski's highly impressive work."-- War on the Rocks
"Exceedingly informative... [A] gem of a work produced by a little-known, yet brilliant, academic."--Parameters
"Kamienski has written an engaging book that testifies to the importance of drug use to the larger story of war in the human experience. The many myths he helps debunk speaks to the frequent manipulation of public opinion by governments and the media and to the convenience of drugs as a scapegoat for policy failures that invariably end up being repeated."-- Journal of Social History
"Much of [Kamienski's] narrative is fascinating, plenty of it is new, and he advances some serious arguments."-- Allan Mallinson, The Spectator
"In this compelling book about the history and prevalence of alcohol and drugs throughout the history of warfare, Kamienski reveals in copious detail the countless ways 'intoxication, in its various forms, has... been one of the distinctive features' of human life."-- Antony Loewenstein, The Guardian
"Kamienski's book is the first comprehensive history of drugs... and is sure to become a classic."-- Geoffrey Roberts, Irish Examiner
"Shooting Up should be read for its relentless cataloguing of the role that intoxicants have been put to in the ceaseless history of human depravity."-- Stuart Walton, Hong Kong Review of Books
"An original and weighty survey of drug use by combatants... [Kamienski] deserves promotions and rewards. He deals in ideas of danger, risk-taking, euphoria, pain, disinhibitions and fright... He demonstrates conclusively that intoxication is a natural and necessary state for most fighting men." -- Richard Davenport-Hines, The Oldie
"Stories of military drug use are common, but this new work gives the reader a well-organized, closely documented history replete with examples." -- Military Heritage
"The author takes the reader on a journey through time... Shooting Up is a great contribution to the literature on that fundamental resource that is essential to combat"-- Louis Lillywhite, The World Today
About the Author
Lukasz Kamienski is Associate Professor at the Faculty of International and Political Studies, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A terrible book for historians, a great book people with no common sense or knowledge of military history
By Adam D Zientek
The monograph can at best serve as a primer on the pharmaceutical turn in the 19th century and its implications for war fighting. It rests mostly on lazy quotes of citations of citations of primary sources. Short in empirical evidence. Author makes inexcusable mistakes about the most basic elements of biochemistry, neurology, or human anatomy, which is a problem when the subject of the book is about the effects of drugs ON THE BRAIN.
For instance, he describes the well known Nazi drug D-IX as 5 mg morphine 5 mg cocaine 3 mg meth. All three of these drugs have minimum therapeutic does above 5mg, 5 mg, and 3 mg. You would need at least 3 pills to feel anything at all, as 15 mg is the LTD for morphine. ZBefore you felt any effects from cocaine, you would have to eat forty of tabs all at once. That would come with 200 mg of morphine and 120 mg of meth, would probably kill you. It is quite literally impossible that one pill of D-IX could sustain a man on a 50 mile March, both because all of its components are dosed too low to have any psychoactive effects and all the drugs would have been metabolizes in the first 10 hours of work. Perhaps the formula was transcribed incorrectly but incorrectly, then passed into the archives. It would make way more sense to have 500 mg cocaine (a moderate oral dose), 30 mg of meth (a moderate dose) and 15 mg of morphine (the LTD. He argues some Germans went insane after taking 5 mg or amphetamine. This, too, is impossible. Amp psychosis requires way bigger--100 to 200 times bigger--doses. The author's ignorance of facts like these leads him to treat primary sources uncritically.
Anyone who says 5 mg of orally ingested cocaine can help men March for 50 miles is lying, which points to the possibility that D-IX was a myth spread to intimidate the allies or its composition was nothing like the books description. There is a steady stream of these kinds of basic errors in every case.
How can we treat a pop history about drugs that has no original research, demonstrates scientific illiteracy, and has no discernible thesis other than "people did drugs" as serious scholarship OUP? Where are your editors and reviewers? This is more of a coloring book than a monograph!
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Incredible book!!
By Brian Clawson
Gives a thorough account of drugs and how they have been used to enhance warfare. I learned a lot reading about this book and it will open your eyes and make you view war and how we fight drug abuse much differently.
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
An unsually interesting and sometimes unusally upsetting history.
By lyndonbrecht
I rate this at four stars for writing and 5 for a huge amount of information. The text has been translated from the original Polish edition, so that might account for a few issues. Kamienski has combined in one book a great deal of information; much of it has been available elsewhere, but combined into one account, I think some patterns can be noted. Military interest in drugs (which in this book includes alcohol) is related to anything that can improve soldiers' stamina, strength in battle, courage or at least antidote fear, as well as helping deal with pain and doubt. In modern times, the interest in drugs includes interest in crowd control, incapacitating the enemy (including disorientation, eroding morale and causing fear), breaking stubborn captives ("truth serum"); and also keeping people awake for extended missions and concentrated on task. Drugs are also a matter of individual soldiers coping with their situation. Kamenski's book deals with all this. He describes his book as "a social, cultural and political history of psychoactive substances on the battlefield." He's interested in three aspects: drugs issued by the authorities (such as amphetamines to pilots or special forces), drugs "self prescribed" (such as heroin use in Vietnam) and drugs used as weapons or instruments of subversion.
Use of drugs appears to have been widespread. Among the examples in the book are Tibetans giving horses and mules string tea to improve their work at altitude; elephants in Southeast Asia being given opium balls as reward for good work in lumbering; rum given to British sailors (rather large amounts in today's sense). German forces drank beer, the French drank wine and the Russians vodka. Japanese kamikaze pilots drank the night before their final missions. In the Chechen war Russian soldiers widely traded weapons for alcohol. Then there were the opium wars forcing the Chinese to accept British opium, free trade for the British but from the Chinese view, subversion. Opium was used by soldiers in India, and elsewhere. Zulus reportedly used drugs to heighten courage. The Viking berserkers might have too, although present history views this as a legend. There are legends about drug use that apparently are false, as in the Moro jihadis in the Philippines against American soldiers.
There are sections on the American Civil War, World War 1 and 2, Korea and Vietnam. Wide use of opiates and morphine in the Civil War allegedly created a drug problem among veterans, but Kamienski says this may also be a legend. Use in World War 2 seems to be officially for aircrew and unofficially soldiers' using drugs informally and sometimes illegally. The last third of the book is interesting reading but somewhat concerning for an American, with officials searching for drugs to enhance performance but also for drugs that could incapacitate enemies (not kill them, really, in the same sense chemical warfare in World War 1 did). The discussion of American drug use in Vietnam is lengthy and fascinating--and he says that while drug use was heavy among the troops, the legend of a mass of drug addicts coming home is also a legend. There is also discussion of continuing American exploration of performance-enhancing drugs for enhancing mission performance.
The most disturbing part of the book is his account of child soldiers and drugs, happening primarily in Africa; the combination of child, AK-47 and drugs has been quite widespread and quite remarkably savage. Drugs seem to have been used by some jihadis, as well. Near the end he notes that today only air forces "implement a fully fledged policy of psychopharmacological management of alertness, sleep and fatigue" but that this will certainly expand to the rest of armed forces.
The epilogue looks at war itself as a drug and seems to conclude (I didn't follow the argument very well) that the emotional highs and the moments of danger for some solders is also a drug.
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